7.6 conclusion
    in conclusion, the present study adds to the previous research regarding the importance of listening conditions. the findings of the current study indicate that multiple times of listening offers a better condition over a single time of listening in facilitating both listening comprehension and incidental vocabulary acquisition. it contributes to our understanding of how to improve efl learners' listening and vocabulary knowledge by identifying those listening conditions that are optimal.
    besides, retrospectively, the finding that listening comprehension and incidental vocabulary acquisition are not significantly related to short pre-listening metacognitive strategy training raises the issue of whether learners will benefit more if they use strategies that are personally applicable. it shows that strategy training is “a sword with double edge”if learners are not given enough time to implement the strategy they have been taught.